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Understanding Postmodernism II: Structuralism

Posted on Wednesday, April 21, 2010 at 01:18AM by Registered CommenterSacred Saga Team | Comments31 Comments | References1 Reference

The last installment discusses the two kinds of historical criticism, both its negative and positive use.  This installment will lead us through structuralism.  This is an important movement to understand postmodernism.  The discussion here is quite brief, but it should introduce my readers to an important movement which contributes to hermeneutics and biblical criticism

Structuralism

As historical criticism has shown its limitations in middle to late 20th century, other movements of interpretation are born.  At the end of the source critical and related discipline, people realize that the field has become increasingly theoretical with less and less respect for the text with full-fledged skepticism. Hardly any part of the message from the text is recoverable.  Interpreters begin looking for new categories that will deal with the material.  As early as the beginning of 20th century, the scholarly response has been far from the extremely skeptical that period seems to indicate.  H. J. Cadbury shows in the early 20th century that the author’s writing is to be taken quite seriously not so much in terms of historical identity of who the author is, but in terms of his literary art in writing certain books.

In parallel with such development in biblical studies, the French structuralist school starts in the early 20th century as well.  The earliest champion is Ferdinand de Saussure the Swiss linguist who sees a word as signifier and the signified.  The signifier is the sign that points towards the signified.  The meaning is imported by the paradigm of the interpreter as it fuses with the syntactical structure of the text.  This kind of separation begins showing text as something autonomous with its own signals and rules.  The root of this movement is linguistically based.  The semiotic studies of A. J. Greimas and structuralist anthropology of Claude Levi-Strauss begin to provide a foundation for scholarship to move to quite a different direction.  Most of the works have a linguistic base, some of which result in New Criticism and other text-based disciplines while others result in a new kind of anthropology and sociology. 

By nature, the structuralist who interprets literature seems purely text-based, but in practice, it is much more complicated which is a topic that will be addressed below.  The usage of the structuralist approach is not entirely devoid of history.  In fact, its usages vary from a remodeling of the historical approach to a purely text-based approach.  While the structuralist purist often seeks meaning independent of the historical context of the text (but only within the coding of the text), the sociological criticism borrows the idea of coding in explaining the historical background to the text.  Some in biblical scholarship thus borrows ideas from structuralist in response to radical historical criticism that has yielded little meaningful fruits. 

History has not been usurped by the structuralist movement, but has been reformulated to make interpretation more meaningful.  The structuralist movement has reshaped how history is done.  The way of meaning is by modeling society via anthropology or sociology (or both).  Thus, societies are read like a text with its own rules and regulations.  The Structuralist influence has infiltrated the rank of not only literature interpreters, but has been used creatively by other disciplines that impact historical study of the text such as anthropology.  Levi-Strauss’ anthropology is a prime example.  Levi-Strauss hypothesizes that the human society seeks to explain the unexplainable through stories and myths which are binary in nature (e.g. dark versus light, evil versus good etc.).  This myth-making gives society structure and world view paradigm to cope.  When applied to the Bible, structuralists have recognized that both Jesus and Paul (along with all the first-century NT characters) exist within the common environment characteristic of both Greco-Roman and Jewish societies.  This new historical approach moves away from the less fruitful obsession with sources among historical critics.  History then is recognized not so much for the historical sources behind it.  Nor is it recognized by the historical event recorded in it, but is recognized for the truth contained in the text. 

Among the NT scholars, credit goes to Gerd Theissen for making a first attempt of interpreting the NT sociologically.  His understanding of Christian beginning as a social movement created by a charismatic Jesus has received many criticisms.  The first two quests for historical Jesus, Paul and Palestine have increasingly distanced Jesus and Paul in asking the questions, “Which Jesus?  Which Paul?”  At this point, we are no longer talking about the historical Jesus, but addressing the question, “What kind of historical Jesus?” 

The most popular and influential group in recent two decades is the Context Group which has become a permanent fixture in the Society of Biblical Literature, the largest academic society of biblical study in the world.  Honor and shame create the paradigm for their interpretation of first-century, not only in the historical Jesus, but in the overall NT background.  The theory on which the group name is based comes from Malina’s influence.  For this group, the first century society is a low context society.  The Context Group tries to recreate the context via its investigation.  The context of shared rules they create is sometimes called the “symbolic universe” which Gadamer calls common understanding, expressed by the German word Verständigungsgeschehen.

From this big picture of social structuralist approach come varying specialized aspects that different interpreters bring to the discussion.  Moreover, the shift has been from the authorial historical source to readerly concerns.  The paradigm of focus on the world behind the text slowly gives way to the world within and before the text.  When dealing with the social environment of sociological criticism that is historically based, the shared milieu, whether Greco-Roman context of NT writings in general or Jewish context of NT characters (e.g. Jesus, Paul) in particular, there is a large degree of overlap that the first and second quest have either ignored or denied.  The social world created by structuralism that results in sociological criticism no longer allows for the radical discontinuity between Jesus and Paul assumed by the first two quests.  In using sociological criticism, many who participate in the third quest begin to derive benefits from having categories to deal with data.  Social structures created by the modern interpreter has essentially stitched together the seam created by negative historical criticism (or better yet, historical skepticism) of previous generations of scholars. (to be continued)

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"At the end of the source critical and related discipline, people realize that the field has become increasingly theoretical with less and less respect for the text with full-fledged skepticism. Hardly any part of the message from the text is recoverable."

In North America, I believe the post-liberals might have formed the turning point. Brevard Childs began with Canonical Criticism that forms a new platform to read the Scriptures rather than taking it apart. Later, with efforts from Hans Frei and George Lindbeck, the study of the scriptures seems to have come back to focusing back on the text--although a more accurate description would be the methodology of studying the text. This is all very educational.

April 22, 2010 | Unregistered CommenterPaul Yin

right, Paul. Text-centered study comes not from philosophy or theology but from literature dpt. via New Criticism. It's a friendly way to both evangelicals AND deconstructionists, I think.

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September 27, 2011 | Unregistered Commenterwedding dresses

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October 12, 2011 | Unregistered CommenterUggs Sales

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